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Senior Scholar Awards in Global Infectious Disease 2001

Alan G. Barbour, M.D.
University of California - Irvine
Transmission-blocking Vaccines Against Arthropod Vectors
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

Several insects and ticks transmit infectious agents to humans through their saliva while they feed on the host's blood. During and after this time, these arthropods are susceptible to antibodies and other substances in the blood that are taken into the midguts of their intestinal tracts. If there is disruption of the midgut, this... (more)

William Bishai, M.D., Ph.D.
Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
Transmission Blocking Vaccines for Tuberculosis
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate human pathogen whose only significant reservoir is the human host. Of the 6 billion world inhabitants, 2 billion are infected with latentM. tb. and approximately 8 million have active, transmissible tuberculosis. A strategy to block transmission from the 8 million active cases to the 4... (more)


Jon Clardy, Ph.D.
Harvard Medical School
New Antibiotics from Environmental DNA
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

Cultured soil microbes provide many of our most important drugs including the antibiotics erythromycin and vancomycin, the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin, and the anticancer agents mitomycin C and actinomycin D, among many others. Culturing soil microbes is still a useful way to discover new medicinal agents, but rediscovery rates are... (more)

(Research for the first 1˝ years was conducted at Cornell University.)


Peter Cresswell, Ph.D.
Yale University School of Medicine
Antiviral Effects of Interferon-Inducible Cytosolic Proteins
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

It has been known for decades that a natural resistance mechanism for viral infections involves the production of interferons by infected cells. This family of antiviral molecules acts upon other cells to make them resistant to viral infection. Interferons induce the expression of a large number of molecules in the... (more)


Stanley Falkow, Ph.D.
Stanford University School of Medicine
The Natural History of Typhoid Infection in Vietnam
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

The goal of the research is to examine the differences in typhoid bacilli causing acute typhoid fever as compared to the bacteria isolated from chronic typhoid carriers in Vietnam. One further component of our proposed work will be to obtain peripheral blood from patients suffering from acute typhoid fever to determine if there is a distinct pattern of host cell statement in these individuals that correlates with clinical outcomes. These data can be profitably compared with in-vitro studies of bacterial interaction with cultured human activated monocytes-macrophage cell lines.

Gerald R. Fink, Ph.D.
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
The Role of Quorum Sensing in Fungal Disease
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

Fungal infections have emerged as a worldwide problem of appalling dimensions because of the AIDS epidemic. Although fungi of all types afflict immunocompromised individuals, Candida albicans is the most frequent cause of disease. One key to Candida’s pathogenesis is its ability to switch from a yeast form to a filamentous form. This... (more)


Lee Gehrke, Ph.D.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Exploiting an Evolutionary Omission in Pathogenic RNA Viruses: Understanding the Advantages of BeingNon-polyadenylated
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

The identification of features that are pathogen-specific and sensitive to therapeutic agents is fundamental to treating infectious human diseases. This proposal focuses on a feature common to a wide range of pathogenic RNA viruses: the absence of poly(A) tails on the viral... (more)


Keith A. Joiner, M.D.
University of Arizona
Elisabetta Ullu, Ph.D.
Yale University School of Medicine
Development of New Genetic Tools to Identify Nutrient Uptake Pathways in Malaria Parasites
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

The rapid spreading of Plasmodium falciparum strains that are resistant to current antimalarial therapy has focused the attention of the research community on the urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets, leading to novel therapies. Our laboratories have a long-standing commitment to... (more)

(Research for the first 3 years was conducted in collaboration with Dr. Elisabetta Ullu at Yale University School of Medicine.)


William R. Jacobs, Jr., Ph.D.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Development of Genetic Systems for Genetically Intractable Organisms
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease


W. Ian Lipkin, M.D.
Columbia University
Pandora's Box Project
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

The goal of this project is to establish rapid, sensitive methods for virus detection, and apply them in global networks for infectious disease surveillance and pathogen discovery.

Genome projects and high throughput methods for profiling gene statement using cDNAs and oligonucleotides have revolutionized biology by providing tools for simultaneous assessment of... (more)


Richard M. Locksley, M.D.
University of California - San Francisco
Optimizing Immunity to Complex Pathogens In Vivo
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

This research involves mechanisms that lead to secretion of certain types of molecules, termed cytokines, that activated lymphocytes make in mediating protective immunity. Funding from the Ellison Medical Foundation will enable the establishment of mice engineered to express genetically marked cytokine genes that allow activated cells to be... (more)


David A. Relman, M.D.
Stanford University School of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
The Human Intestinal Microbiome: Community Analysis, Host Response, and Role in Chronic Disease
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

Our understanding of the microorganisms that inhabit the human body is woefully inadequate. The diversity, abundance, and activities of these microorganisms are all matters of both importance and ignorance. This might seem surprising given that the human body contains far more microbial cells... (more)


Iwona Stroynowski, Ph.D.
University of Texas Southwest Medical Center
Exploring Novel Pathways of Immune Defenses Against Orally Ingested Pathogens: Analysis of Nonclassical Class I MHC Antigens in Mouse Intestines
2001 Senior Scholar Award in Global Infectious Disease

Present-day research in immunology is overwhelmingly preoccupied with systemic immune responses and immune mechanisms that operate in infected hosts after the pathogens have already spread from their initial site of entry into the circulation.... (more)